The Summary of Academic Article

Article: A contrastive analysis of English and Hungarian theoretical research article introductions

Authors: Anett Árvay and Gyula Tankó

The main task of this article is to find out whether the structure of research articles written in languages other than English is the same or different from the structure of articles written by Anglo-American authors. This research question has two sub-issues. First one is whether the CARS Model accurately describes the introduction of English theoretical research articles and second one the differences of rhetorical patterns of English and Hungarian theoretical research paper introductions.

Till today no research has been conducted to contrast the rhetorical structure of research papers written in English and Hungarian. The selected discipline became linguistics and the primary materials examined were an english and hungarian academic articles, particulary their introductions. From each language were selected twenty academic articles focusing on linguistics. The framework for analysis was chosen a CARS Model for its structure of academic articles and used methodology was a comparative analysis of chosen linguistics academic articles in English and Hungarian.

The authors found that English introductions are much longer and more thoroughly divided into paragraphs than the Hungarian introductions. In addition the English introductions are clear and consistent in numbering and labelling and Hungarian introductions varies not only by journals but also by articles. In general was found that CARS Model does not capture fully the characteristic features of theoretical research article introduction.

Citation Theories Example

There are two major citation theories that are widely accepted. The first theory emphasizes the recogition and acknowledgement of the intellectual property rights of authors. The citations are matter of ethics and a defense against plagiarism. The second theory has supporters in well-established fields like the sciences. In this perspective citations are used to show respect to previous scholars. They recognize the history of the fileld by acknowledging previous achievements.

Furthermore there are also theories proposed by individual authors which highlights different aspects. The rhetorical aspect is accentuated in Gilbert (1977) theory. The writers use citations to give their statements greater authority. Also Swales (1990) emphasize the rhetorical aspect when he claim that citations point the way to what has not been done and so prepare a space for new research. There is also an economic aspect in Ravetz (1971) theory. This author perceive citations as a kind of mutual reward system. Rather than pay other authors money for their contribution, writers ,,pay“ them in citations. The last visible is a sociological aspect in Bavelas (1978) theory. Citations are used to supply evidence that the author qualifies as a member of the chosen schoraly community.

The citations in APA Style

Samraj, B. (2008). A discourse analysis of master's theses across disciplines with a focus on introductions. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 7,1, 55-67

Martin Martin, P., Perez, L, Isabel K (2009). Promotional Strategies In Research Article Introductions: An Interlinguistic And Cross-Disciplinary Genre Analysis. Revista Canaria de Estudios Ingleses, 59, 73-87

The problem graduate students face in managing time

Almost every graduate student faces the problem of time management. The study at university is time consuming in general due to everyday courses, reading preparation, writing an essays, preparation of presentations, mid-term exams, final exams and so on. This list of duties is sometimes difficult to manage and graduate student face to this problem in their everyday life.

However, the modern time goes hand in hand with modern technologies thanks to which students life is easier than before, the world has also become faster and the expectations from graduate students are higher. Today it is automatically expected that every student has a notebook with immediate access to an internet connection and is able to work with basic programs like Word, Exel, Power-point and so on. Due to this fact, the professors expect more work than graduate student are able to do.

How can graduate students manage everything in time and properly? Proper management of time relies on systematic preparation and attention to scheduling while, at the same time, avoiding excessive work. The key to this balancing act is to do not leave everything at the last moment. Instead of this, make a list of duties for the month, for each week and also for each day and follow it. Scheduling makes life easier. Sometimes is impossible to manage reading of five academics text in a day, but thanks to list of duties you know the extent of work. It is not necessary to read whole text, but just to have an outline what is the basic idea of each text and have some particular details or examples in your mind to better remember.

This systematic time-management helps to graduate students to better coordinate their work. The sooner they learn this system, the better. Because in their future professional life, it goings to become more and more relevant.

Comparison of Academic and Informal Writing

The audiences of both autors are mostly university students but Dahl's audience is more specific and concerned in an academic topic based on research. On the other hand the audience of Azuma is more wider and they expect much more the personal experiences than academic research.

The tone of Dahl's article is formal, as you can see an example. ,, Disciplines differ in what they see as constituting knowledge within their domain and in how new knowledge is produced.”

In comparision the Azuma’s article is informal. - ,, In February 1995, on a beautiful sunny day with clear Carolina blue skies.”

The structure of both articles differ significantly. Dahl uses traditional academic structure divided to introduction, methods and results, conclusion. On the other hand Azuma's article is descriptive. The arguments of Dahl are based on research in comparision with Azuma's arguments based on his own experiences.

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